India was the first country to mine diamonds, with some mines dating back to 296 BC. India traded the diamonds, realising their valuable qualities.jewellery manufacturers
Historically, diamonds have been given to retain or regain a lover’s or ruler’s lost favor, as symbols of tribute, or as an expression of fidelity in exchange for concessions and protection. Mughal emperors used the diamonds as a means of assuring their immortality by having their names and wordly titles inscribed upon them. Moreover, it has played and continues to play a pivotal role in Indian social, political, economic, and religious event, as it often has done elsewhere.
Magnificent floral and botanical forms often worked in enamel were inexpensive and became so popular once mass-produced, that the Art Nouveau style declined.
7. feldspar: Divides into two predominant types according to the mineralogy classification feldspar: Potash feldspar and plagioclase feldspar. The molecular formula respectively is: KAlSi3O8 (potassium aluminum silicate), NaAlSi3O8 (aluminum silicate sodium).tahitian pearl
Feldspar type including moonlight stone either transparent colorless orthoclase, sunlight stone or aventurine feldspar, labradorite, day river stone or Amazon stone.
8. jade: The jadeite (is also called jadeite), the nephrite. The jadeite is one kind of sodium and the aluminum silicate, the molecular formula is: NaAl(SiO3)2. The nephrite is one kind of watery calcium magnesium silicate, the molecular formula is: CaMg5(OH)2(Si4O11)2. 9. quartz: The quartz is one kind of its color gem, the pure quartz is the achromatic color is transparent.
The molecular formula is SiO2. The quartz type including crystal, the iridescence either the color reddish quartz, the rutile spot or the sagenite quartz, the amethyst, the topaz, the smoke quartz either the smoky topaz, the cotton rose stone,golden south sea pearl
the Dongling stone, the dumortierite quartz, the milky quartz, the siderite or the sapphire quartz, the tiger eye stone, eagle-eyed either hunts for eagle-eyed, the quartz cat eye, the belt star or the star light quartz.
For state occasions and formal events she plastered herself in arrangements of pearl necklaces. The rarity value of real pearls then was such that an American skyscraper exchanged hands for the price of a pearl necklace.
10. calcedony:freshwater pearl Is also called the aphanitic quartz. The molecular formula is sio2. Calcedony type including moonlight stone, chrysoprase, red agate, sardine, soapstone, prase, agate, onyx, jasper, plasma, silicon green copper ore calcedony, silicified wood.
2011年5月26日星期四
2011年5月11日星期三
The general custom metal
The general custom metal the outside and so on money natural materials (mineral, rock, biology and so on) makes, has certain value jewelry, the handicraft or other collections is called as the jewelry, therefore has “the gold, silver and jewelry” the view, manages these goods the jewelry line to be also called as “the jewelry line”. Scientifically speaking, “jewelry”Choose plate heat exchanger
and generalized “gem” the concept is the same. The generalized gem makes a general reference these being suitable to carry on ponders over either the carving processing for the jewelry or handicraft raw material.
Jewellery or jewelry is a form of personal adornment, manifesting itself as necklaces, rings, brooches, earrings, and bracelets. Jewellery may be made from any material, usually gemstones, precious metals, or shells. Factors affecting the choice of materials include cultural differences and the availability of the materials. Jewellery may be appreciated because of its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery differs from other items of personal adornment in that it has no other purpose than to look appealing. Items such as belts and handbags are considered to be accessories rather than jewellery.
The gem, must have the following several characteristics: Cat's eye stone “US”, namely gorgeous crystal clear, brilliant. If the gem is not beautiful cannot become the gem, this kind of US or performance for gorgeous color, either the performance to be transparent and be pure, either special optical effect (for example phenomena and so on cat eye, play of color, night light), either special design (for example chrysanthemum rocks and flowers, agate, plum blossom jade and so on). For example with is the diamond, the transparent few flaws may use for to ponder over the precious diamond, but the transparency difference, the multi-flaws, the color black can only serve as the raw material for industry.
The word jewellery is derived from the word jewel, which was anglicized from the Old French "jouel" circa the 13th century. Further tracing leads back to the Latin word "jocale", meaning plaything. Jewellery is one of the oldest forms of body adornment; recently-found 100,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells are thought to be the oldest known jewellery.
Jewellery is sometimes regarded as a way of showing wealth and might also possess some minimal functionality, such as holding a garment together or keeping hair in place. It has from very early times been regarded as a form of personal adornment. The first pieces of jewellery were made from natural materials, such as bone, animal teeth, shell, wood and carved stone. Some jewellery throughout the ages may have specifically been as an indication of a social group. More exotic jewellery is often for wealthier people, with its rarity increasing its value. Due to its personal nature and its indication of social class, some cultures established traditions of burying the dead with their jewellery.
“long time”, namely quality of material hard wear-resisting, can prolonged invariable. Because the gem value is high, the people expected inevitably it can be durable, may maintain the value even the hereditary goods. The reason that the diamond becomes the most expensive gem, a reason is it is in the world is hardest, did not fear that the corrosion the gem,cheap wedding dresses died on the value high gem many for some degree of hardness big, the anti-corrosive silicate mineral (for example jadeite), the minority oxide compound (for example ruby, sapphire) and the simple substance mineral (for example diamond), but the nature soft, is corroded easily the gem (for example cave jade, south jade and so on) the itself value was low, commonly used in manufacture handicraft, by labor win; But also has the minority gem not in this row, like Ou Bo, pearl.
and generalized “gem” the concept is the same. The generalized gem makes a general reference these being suitable to carry on ponders over either the carving processing for the jewelry or handicraft raw material.
Jewellery or jewelry is a form of personal adornment, manifesting itself as necklaces, rings, brooches, earrings, and bracelets. Jewellery may be made from any material, usually gemstones, precious metals, or shells. Factors affecting the choice of materials include cultural differences and the availability of the materials. Jewellery may be appreciated because of its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery differs from other items of personal adornment in that it has no other purpose than to look appealing. Items such as belts and handbags are considered to be accessories rather than jewellery.
The gem, must have the following several characteristics: Cat's eye stone “US”, namely gorgeous crystal clear, brilliant. If the gem is not beautiful cannot become the gem, this kind of US or performance for gorgeous color, either the performance to be transparent and be pure, either special optical effect (for example phenomena and so on cat eye, play of color, night light), either special design (for example chrysanthemum rocks and flowers, agate, plum blossom jade and so on). For example with is the diamond, the transparent few flaws may use for to ponder over the precious diamond, but the transparency difference, the multi-flaws, the color black can only serve as the raw material for industry.
The word jewellery is derived from the word jewel, which was anglicized from the Old French "jouel" circa the 13th century. Further tracing leads back to the Latin word "jocale", meaning plaything. Jewellery is one of the oldest forms of body adornment; recently-found 100,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells are thought to be the oldest known jewellery.
Jewellery is sometimes regarded as a way of showing wealth and might also possess some minimal functionality, such as holding a garment together or keeping hair in place. It has from very early times been regarded as a form of personal adornment. The first pieces of jewellery were made from natural materials, such as bone, animal teeth, shell, wood and carved stone. Some jewellery throughout the ages may have specifically been as an indication of a social group. More exotic jewellery is often for wealthier people, with its rarity increasing its value. Due to its personal nature and its indication of social class, some cultures established traditions of burying the dead with their jewellery.
“long time”, namely quality of material hard wear-resisting, can prolonged invariable. Because the gem value is high, the people expected inevitably it can be durable, may maintain the value even the hereditary goods. The reason that the diamond becomes the most expensive gem, a reason is it is in the world is hardest, did not fear that the corrosion the gem,cheap wedding dresses died on the value high gem many for some degree of hardness big, the anti-corrosive silicate mineral (for example jadeite), the minority oxide compound (for example ruby, sapphire) and the simple substance mineral (for example diamond), but the nature soft, is corroded easily the gem (for example cave jade, south jade and so on) the itself value was low, commonly used in manufacture handicraft, by labor win; But also has the minority gem not in this row, like Ou Bo, pearl.
2011年5月5日星期四
LED日光燈的應用優勢
LED日光燈的應用優勢
LED日光燈是日光燈家族的最新的產品，也是日光燈最終的替代品，主要是由白光LED晶粒組成的模組所構成。它的優點有壽命長，無頻閃，無輻射，節能，環保等，集所有日光燈的優點於一體。
另一方面，LED flood light
日光燈安裝非常簡單，安裝時將原有的日光燈取下換上LED日光燈，將啟動器(起輝器)去掉即可。LED日光燈節電高達50％以上，壽命為普通燈管的10倍以上，幾乎是免維護。適用範圍有：辦公室、工廠、商場、學校、居家等室內照明。
LED日光燈的優點整理歸納如下：
1. 綠色照明、講環保
傳統的日光燈中含有大量的水銀蒸汽，如果破碎水銀蒸汽則會揮發到大氣中。但LED日光燈則根本不使用水銀，且LED產品也不含鉛，對環境起到保護作用。LED照明是公認為二十一世紀的綠色照明。
2. 高效轉換、發熱小
傳統燈具會產生大量的熱能，而LED燈具則是把電能全都轉換為光能，不會造成能源的浪費。 而且對檔，衣物也不會產生退色現象。
3. 清靜舒適、無噪音
LED燈具不會產生噪音，對於使用精密電子儀器的場合為上佳之選。適合於圖書館，辦公室之類的場合。
4. 光線柔和、無頻閃
傳統的日光燈使用的是交流電，所以每秒鐘會產生100－120次的頻閃。LED燈具是把交流電直接轉換為直流電，不會產生閃爍現象，保護眼睛。
5. 無紫外線、蚊蟲少
LED燈具不會產生紫外線，因此不會象傳統的燈具那樣，有很多蚊蟲圍繞在燈源旁。室內會變得更加乾淨衛生整潔。
6. 電壓可調、範圍廣
傳統的日光燈是通過整流器釋放的高電壓來點亮的，當電壓降低時則無法點亮。而LED燈具在一定範圍（80V－245V）的電壓之內都能點亮，還能調整光亮度。
7. 節能長壽、費用低
LED日光燈的耗電量是傳統日光燈的三分之一以下，壽命也是傳統日光燈的10倍，可以長期使用而無需更換，減少人工費用。更適合於難於更換的場合。
8. 堅固牢靠、很安全
LED燈體本身使用的是環氧樹脂而並非傳統的玻璃，更堅固牢靠，即使砸在地板上LED也不會輕易損壞，可以放心地使用。
普通日光燈與LED日光燈的區別
製作LED light顯示幕需要什麼樣的led燈？
led燈的外觀：製作戶外led電子屏主要使用直插式橢圓led燈，製作戶內led電子屏主要使用表貼式led燈。
led燈的參數：亮度根據使用環境等因素而不同，波長紅燈：620nm-625nm，綠燈波長：520nm-525nm，藍燈波長：465nm-470nm。
LED日光燈是日光燈家族的最新的產品，也是日光燈最終的替代品，主要是由白光LED晶粒組成的模組所構成。它的優點有壽命長，無頻閃，無輻射，節能，環保等，集所有日光燈的優點於一體。
另一方面，LED flood light
日光燈安裝非常簡單，安裝時將原有的日光燈取下換上LED日光燈，將啟動器(起輝器)去掉即可。LED日光燈節電高達50％以上，壽命為普通燈管的10倍以上，幾乎是免維護。適用範圍有：辦公室、工廠、商場、學校、居家等室內照明。
LED日光燈的優點整理歸納如下：
1. 綠色照明、講環保
傳統的日光燈中含有大量的水銀蒸汽，如果破碎水銀蒸汽則會揮發到大氣中。但LED日光燈則根本不使用水銀，且LED產品也不含鉛，對環境起到保護作用。LED照明是公認為二十一世紀的綠色照明。
2. 高效轉換、發熱小
傳統燈具會產生大量的熱能，而LED燈具則是把電能全都轉換為光能，不會造成能源的浪費。 而且對檔，衣物也不會產生退色現象。
3. 清靜舒適、無噪音
LED燈具不會產生噪音，對於使用精密電子儀器的場合為上佳之選。適合於圖書館，辦公室之類的場合。
4. 光線柔和、無頻閃
傳統的日光燈使用的是交流電，所以每秒鐘會產生100－120次的頻閃。LED燈具是把交流電直接轉換為直流電，不會產生閃爍現象，保護眼睛。
5. 無紫外線、蚊蟲少
LED燈具不會產生紫外線，因此不會象傳統的燈具那樣，有很多蚊蟲圍繞在燈源旁。室內會變得更加乾淨衛生整潔。
6. 電壓可調、範圍廣
傳統的日光燈是通過整流器釋放的高電壓來點亮的，當電壓降低時則無法點亮。而LED燈具在一定範圍（80V－245V）的電壓之內都能點亮，還能調整光亮度。
7. 節能長壽、費用低
LED日光燈的耗電量是傳統日光燈的三分之一以下，壽命也是傳統日光燈的10倍，可以長期使用而無需更換，減少人工費用。更適合於難於更換的場合。
8. 堅固牢靠、很安全
LED燈體本身使用的是環氧樹脂而並非傳統的玻璃，更堅固牢靠，即使砸在地板上LED也不會輕易損壞，可以放心地使用。
普通日光燈與LED日光燈的區別
製作LED light顯示幕需要什麼樣的led燈？
led燈的外觀：製作戶外led電子屏主要使用直插式橢圓led燈，製作戶內led電子屏主要使用表貼式led燈。
led燈的參數：亮度根據使用環境等因素而不同，波長紅燈：620nm-625nm，綠燈波長：520nm-525nm，藍燈波長：465nm-470nm。
ed燈封裝材料
什麼是led燈的封裝？
1 LED light
封裝解釋
簡單來說led封裝就是把led封裝材料封裝成led燈的過程；
2 led燈封裝流程
一般led封裝必須經過擴晶-固晶-焊線-灌膠-切腳-分光分色等流程；
3 led燈封裝材料
led的主要封裝材料有：晶片、金線、支架、膠水等；
4 led燈封裝設備
擴晶設備、固晶機、焊線機、點膠機、烘烤箱等，一般分為全自動封裝設備手工封裝設備兩種。
LED燈應用及特點
因應節能減碳，各國從2009年開始陸續停止生產、禁用白熾燈泡，點亮120年的傳統燈泡，即將吹響「熄燈」號，宣告了LED照明新世代的來臨。
據美國壬色列理工學院（RensselaerPolytechnic Institute ，RPI）的研究，LED照明可望在未來10年內省下1.8兆美元的電費，且讓火力發電廠減少燃燒10億桶原油，並因此消除100億公噸的二氧化碳排放 量。照明為全球重要能源消耗來源之一，力倡節能光源，是歐盟對抗氣候變遷政策的一環。歐盟各國將自2009年9月起，禁止銷售100瓦傳統燈泡，2012 起禁用所有瓦數的傳統燈泡，是最先吹響白熾燈熄燈號角的區域。研究顯示，如果僅是單純取代傳統燈泡，LED的省電效能是白熾燈泡的20倍、螢光燈的5倍， 被視為是大幅省電、環保又少污染的新一代照明技術。除了歐盟外，加拿大計劃在2012年前禁用白熾燈，美國設定2014年以前禁止銷售。亞洲各地區包括日 本、台灣也將在2012年前全面禁產。日前，中國大陸也在宣示啟動逐步淘汰白熾燈、加快推廣節能燈行動計劃，預計在10年內禁用日熾燈泡。
如何評判plate heat exchanger燈裝的好壞？
led燈的好壞指標：角度、亮度、顏色（波長）一致性、抗靜電能力、抗衰減能力等；
led燈的封裝材料：led封裝材料是led燈好壞的直接因素，也是最基本的因素，led燈是幾種主要材料的組合，一顆好的led燈必須是所有封裝材料與生產技術的組合；
led燈的封裝技術：一般全自動設備封裝要比手工封裝的要好，封裝的技術水準也是led燈封裝的好壞的主要因素，同樣的材料不同的生產廠家生產出來的產品有很大的差別；
LED系列照明燈的特點
高純度，鮮豔豐富的色彩。目前LED產品幾乎覆蓋了整個可見光譜範圍，且色彩純度高。而獲得彩色光的傳統方式是白熾燈加濾光片，大大降低了光效。
超長壽命。 LED的實際壽命超過5萬小時，為一般光源的幾倍甚至幾十倍。
光源中沒有水銀，光束中不含紫外線。 LED是固體發光光源，綠色環保，特別適用於香水店、珠寶店、博物館、美術館等專業場所，可滿足其展示商品對照明的特殊要求。
固體發光，抗震性能好，牢固可靠。
節能，經濟，免維護。
動態的色彩控制，明暗可調，三原色的LED組合可採用PWM實現顏色的變化。
LED有很強的發光方向性，光通量利用率高，且體積小，易於LED燈具的外觀設計和光強分佈的控制。
LED可採用直流低壓供電，安全可靠。
LED不受啟動溫度的限制，可暫態啟動，一般為幾個ms，且能暫態達到全光通量輸出
1 LED light
封裝解釋
簡單來說led封裝就是把led封裝材料封裝成led燈的過程；
2 led燈封裝流程
一般led封裝必須經過擴晶-固晶-焊線-灌膠-切腳-分光分色等流程；
3 led燈封裝材料
led的主要封裝材料有：晶片、金線、支架、膠水等；
4 led燈封裝設備
擴晶設備、固晶機、焊線機、點膠機、烘烤箱等，一般分為全自動封裝設備手工封裝設備兩種。
LED燈應用及特點
因應節能減碳，各國從2009年開始陸續停止生產、禁用白熾燈泡，點亮120年的傳統燈泡，即將吹響「熄燈」號，宣告了LED照明新世代的來臨。
據美國壬色列理工學院（RensselaerPolytechnic Institute ，RPI）的研究，LED照明可望在未來10年內省下1.8兆美元的電費，且讓火力發電廠減少燃燒10億桶原油，並因此消除100億公噸的二氧化碳排放 量。照明為全球重要能源消耗來源之一，力倡節能光源，是歐盟對抗氣候變遷政策的一環。歐盟各國將自2009年9月起，禁止銷售100瓦傳統燈泡，2012 起禁用所有瓦數的傳統燈泡，是最先吹響白熾燈熄燈號角的區域。研究顯示，如果僅是單純取代傳統燈泡，LED的省電效能是白熾燈泡的20倍、螢光燈的5倍， 被視為是大幅省電、環保又少污染的新一代照明技術。除了歐盟外，加拿大計劃在2012年前禁用白熾燈，美國設定2014年以前禁止銷售。亞洲各地區包括日 本、台灣也將在2012年前全面禁產。日前，中國大陸也在宣示啟動逐步淘汰白熾燈、加快推廣節能燈行動計劃，預計在10年內禁用日熾燈泡。
如何評判plate heat exchanger燈裝的好壞？
led燈的好壞指標：角度、亮度、顏色（波長）一致性、抗靜電能力、抗衰減能力等；
led燈的封裝材料：led封裝材料是led燈好壞的直接因素，也是最基本的因素，led燈是幾種主要材料的組合，一顆好的led燈必須是所有封裝材料與生產技術的組合；
led燈的封裝技術：一般全自動設備封裝要比手工封裝的要好，封裝的技術水準也是led燈封裝的好壞的主要因素，同樣的材料不同的生產廠家生產出來的產品有很大的差別；
LED系列照明燈的特點
高純度，鮮豔豐富的色彩。目前LED產品幾乎覆蓋了整個可見光譜範圍，且色彩純度高。而獲得彩色光的傳統方式是白熾燈加濾光片，大大降低了光效。
超長壽命。 LED的實際壽命超過5萬小時，為一般光源的幾倍甚至幾十倍。
光源中沒有水銀，光束中不含紫外線。 LED是固體發光光源，綠色環保，特別適用於香水店、珠寶店、博物館、美術館等專業場所，可滿足其展示商品對照明的特殊要求。
固體發光，抗震性能好，牢固可靠。
節能，經濟，免維護。
動態的色彩控制，明暗可調，三原色的LED組合可採用PWM實現顏色的變化。
LED有很強的發光方向性，光通量利用率高，且體積小，易於LED燈具的外觀設計和光強分佈的控制。
LED可採用直流低壓供電，安全可靠。
LED不受啟動溫度的限制，可暫態啟動，一般為幾個ms，且能暫態達到全光通量輸出
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